PRACTICAL EMULSIONS, VOLUME 1, MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT

CONTENTS - INTRODUCTION - 1. BASIC CONSIDERATIONS - Solutions-Suspensions-Emulsions-Surface Activity - 2. PROPERTIES OF EMULSIONS - Particle size and arrangement , Rheology , Micelle Theory , Stability and Interfacial Phenomena , Causes of Unstable Emulsions - 3. INGREDIENTS AND ADDITIVES - Surfactants-Emulsifying Agents , Wetting Agents , Foamers , Protective Colloids , Preservatives - 4. ANALYSIS AND TESTING OF EMULSIONS - Type of Emulsion , Density , Viscosity , Surface Tension , Particle Size , Water , PH-Color OdorCorrosion , Stability , Performance , Analytical Procedures , ASTM Specifications - 5. TECHNIQUES OF EMULSIFICATION - English Method-Continental Method - 6. EMULSIFYING EQUIPMENT - Low-Shear-High-Shear-Rotor-Stator , Pressurized Fluid , Vibrational Devices , Laboratory Equipment - 7. EMULSION PLANTS AND PRODUCTION MACHINERY - Over-all Plan , Modes of Operation , Power Requirements , Mixing Tanks , Pumps , Conveyors , Materials of Construction , Instrumentation , Packaging - 8. SELECTED TOPICS - Formulation of Emulsions-HLB-Biodegradability - Regulations - BIBLIOGRAPHY - LIST OF EMULSIFYING AGENTS - SUPPLIERS OF EMULSIFYING AGENTS - GLOSSARY - INDEX - Introduction - Emulsions, though not new, are finding new and wider applications daily. One of the first references to emulsions was recorded by Galen (131-c.201), the Greek physician. Beginning with that early reference to the emulsifying power of beeswax, the art and science of emulsification has flourished. Emulsions are prepared and used for a variety of reasons. As oil paint cannot be applied to a damp surface, it is emulsified in water. The oil paint, then, in the form of an emulsion, can be applied to a damp surface. Therefore, the emulsion can change the application characteristics of a material. Water is a desirable, cheap diluent, and an emulsion is an easy method of using water to dilute materials that are not soluble in water. In addition, the fire hazard of fla