NEW PERSPECTIVES ON EINSTEINS E = MC²

Einstein39s energy–momentum relation is applicable to particles of all speeds including the particle at rest and the massless particle moving with the speed of light If one formula or formalism is applicable to all speeds we say it is Lorentzcovariant As for the internal spacetime symmetries there does not appear to be a clear way to approach this problem For a particle at rest there are three spin degrees of freedom For a massless particle there are helicity and gauge degrees of freedom The aim of this book is to present one Lorentzcovariant picture of these two different spacetime symmetries Using the same mathematical tool it is possible to give a Lorentzcovariant picture of GellMann39s quark model for the proton at rest and Feynman39s parton model for the fastmoving proton The mathematical formalism for these aspects of the Lorentz covariance is based on twobytwo matrices and harmonic oscillators which serve as two basic scientific languages for many different branches of physics It is pointed out that the formalism presented in this book is applicable to various aspects of optical sciences of current interest