FROM THE AMERICAN PESTS TO COOPERATIVISM 1850 - 2007

The long struggle of Spanish viticulture for survival and modernisation. During the second half of the 19th century the vineyards of Europe were attacked by three pests of American origin against which vitis europea had no defences and thus sustained considerable damage before remedies were found to combat them, which was only done at great economic sacrifice and, for the first time, with the invaluable help of science.